Interaktive Wertschöpfung - Produktion nach Open-Source-Prinzipien

Dieser Artikel ist Teil des Open Source Jahrbuchs 2007 989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is per- nt, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to tended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. ndation‘s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation Bernd Lutterbeck d.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our Open Source Jahrbuch 2007 freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or Matthias Bärwolff eces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the soft- Robert A. Gehring (Hrsg.) h a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure w them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) bute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author‘s protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone ftware is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the origi- original authors‘ reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid Open Source n patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must erms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRI- or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this ram or work, and a „work based on the Program“ means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: er verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without „you“. Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its Jahrbuch 2007 ut from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been t the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program‘s source cod e as you receive it, in sh on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this ients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of trans- in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the e files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part ensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally rted running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appro- e, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling m itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required d work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably consi- se, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute ogram, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend o wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may n 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the -readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sectio ns 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily er, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing ponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for eceived as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial dis- Zwischen freier Software und Gesellschaftsmodell table form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form omplete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, ecutable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distri- ompiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accom- made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from h third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, ense. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically termi- ved copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain e you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its deriva- his License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or erhältlich unter www.opensourcejahrbuch.de. Die komplette Ausgabe enthält viele weitere interessante Artikel. Sie können diesen und andere Artikel im Open-Source-Jahrbuch-Portal kommentieren oder bewerten: www.opensourcejahrbuch.de/portal/. Lob und Kritik sowie weitere Anregungen können Sie uns auch per E-Mail mitteilen. Interaktive Wertschöpfung Produktion nach Open-Source-Prinzipien FRANK PILLER, RALF REICHWALD UND CHRISTOPHER IHL (CC-Lizenz siehe Seite 563) Die Produktionsprinzipien von Open-Source-Software sind nicht nur ein technisches Phänomen, sondern erweitern auch herrschende Theorien der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. Der Beitrag diskutiert, wie diese Prinzipien auch jenseits der Softwareproduktion (gegebenenfalls modi ziert) in Bereichen Anwendung nden können, die bislang durch eine unternehmensbezogene (hierarchische) Wertschöpfung gekennzeichnet sind. Wir nennen diese Über- tragung interaktive Wertschöpfung: Ein Unternehmen vergibt in Form eines offenen Aufrufs eine Aufgabe, die bislang intern bearbeitet wurde, an ein unde niertes (offenes), groÿes Netzwerk von Kunden und Nutzern. Die Be- arbeitung dieser Aufgabe erfolgt dabei oft kollaborativ zwischen mehreren Nutzern, in anderen Fällen aber auch durch einen Akteur allein.1 Schlüsselwörter: Innovationsmanagement · commons-based peer production · Threadless · interaktive Wertschöpfung · Produktionsmanagement 1 Einleitung: Das Beispiel von Threadless Open-Source-Software ist nicht nur ein technisches oder gesellschaftliches Phänomen, sondern das dahinter stehende Produktionsprinzip erweitert herrschende Theorien in der Managementforschung. Wir wollen in diesem Kapitel dieses Produktionsprinzip näher untersuchen und diskutieren anhand einiger Fallbeispiele, in welchen anderen Bereichen dieses Produktionsprinzip ebenfalls Anwendung nden kann. Im Mittel- punkt stehen dabei Strategien von Unternehmen, die ihre Kunden bzw. Nutzer nicht mehr nur als passive Empfänger und Konsumenten einer von Herstellern autonom 1 Der vorliegende Beitrag ist eine adaptierte Auskopplung aus dem Buch Interaktive Wertschöpfung (Reichwald und Piller 2006) der Autoren, das unter http://www.open-innovation.de auch zum Down- load unter einer CC-Lizenz zur Verfügung steht. Frank Piller, Ralf Reichwald und Christopher Ihl geleisteten Wertschöpfung sehen. Vielmehr treten Nutzer als Wertschöpfungspartner von Unternehmen oder anderen Nutzern auf, indem sie Produkte oder Dienstleis- tungen mitgestalten und teilweise sogar deren Entwicklung und Herstellung bestim- men oder übernehmen.