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City typology as the basis for policy - Towards a tailor-made approach to the benchmarking and monitoring of the energy and climate policy of cities
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KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft
Beschreibung
Cities are responsible for about eighty percent of the global energy consumption and half of the total greenhouse gas emissions (European Commission, 20081). Cities are therefore one of the key locations in the fight against global warming.
During the past decades, numerous initiatives and tools have been developed to achieve climate gains by determining the energy and climate profiles of cities, by carefully monitoring their energy and climate policy, by comparing cities and by reporting on their progress. All of these initiatives are well-meaning. A few of these initiatives and tools have also produced impressive results.
Nonetheless, the market is still immature, and its performance is therefore not optimal. There has been a rampant proliferation of perspectives, definitions, benchmarks, indicators and measuring methods. But a proper overview of these initiatives is lacking.
The effect of this is twofold:
During the past decades, numerous initiatives and tools have been developed to achieve climate gains by determining the energy and climate profiles of cities, by carefully monitoring their energy and climate policy, by comparing cities and by reporting on their progress. All of these initiatives are well-meaning. A few of these initiatives and tools have also produced impressive results.
Nonetheless, the market is still immature, and its performance is therefore not optimal. There has been a rampant proliferation of perspectives, definitions, benchmarks, indicators and measuring methods. But a proper overview of these initiatives is lacking.
The effect of this is twofold:
- The effectiveness of energy and climate policy is low. There is no unequivocal insight into the effectiveness of cities’ energy and climate policy. Different methods for footprinting, benchmarking and monitoring may produce contradictory results and this creates the risk that the parties involved – cities as well as critical observers – start to pick and choose from the available data and rankings to reinforce their arguments. The discussion is then too focused on their position in the rankings and not enough on the effectiveness of their energy and climate policy. That is why cities are looking for better tools that will help them to truly make a difference with their energy and climate policy.
- Administrative costs are high. The data requirements of the different initiatives and tools are placing an increasingly heavy administrative burden on cities, which are complaining about the overload of internal as well as external information requests. Moreover, in this field the information systems of cities are often still immature, and meeting the numerous information requests is therefore labour intensive. Differences in definitions also play a role, making it difficult for civil servants to promptly and reliably generate the requested information. A non-exhaustive inventory of nearly 60 initiatives and tools produced by KPMG Sustainability showed the wide range in diverging objectives, perspectives and indicators. The resulting administrative burden, including time spent and costs incurred, is a serious issue for many cities.
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